Final Project

What is Allegro?

• Allegro = Allegro Low-Level GameRoutines
• Created in

Written in C and supporting several platform, like windows, macos, linux-like platform and so on.

• booltype
  • A kind of data type in lots of programminglanguages
    • Like c++, java and so
  • It can only be assigned by twovalues:
    • 0 – means
    • 1 – means
    • You can just assign true or false to a bool variable. (e.g. bool a =true;)
  • Allegro implements a bool data type in

 

• In this section, we will learn how to program our firstallegro program.

 

• For each allegro with display, we need to initial allegro, initial display, set and show the display, and finally, destroy allthings have been initialized or

C++ Allegro代写

• Let’s doit!!

 

• Initialallegro
  • Step 1:#include<allegro5/allegro.h>

 

• Step 2:
• It’s necessary to call the initialization function before doing anythingelse with the
• After you callingal_init():
• Great!!! The allegro is initialized. Now you can use any function youwant in <allegro5/allegro.h>.

 

• Initialdisplay
  • Step 1: Declare a pointer fordisplay:
    • ALLEGRO_DISPLAY*display=NULL;

 

• Step 2: Construct thedisplay:
  • ALLEGRO_DISPLAY*al_create_display(intwidth,intheight);

  

• g.:
  • ALLEGRO_DISPLAY* display = NULL; //declare a displaypointer
  • display =al_create_display(30, 50); // construct the display

• Step 3: Set and show thedisplay
  • To getcolor:
    • ALLEGRO_COLORal_map_rgb(unsignedcharr,unsignedcharg,unsignedcharb);
    • r, g, b are the integers belonging to [0,255]
  • To set the whole window into thecolor:
    • voidal_clear_to_color(ALLEGRO_COLORcolor);
  • To showit:
    • voidal_flip_display(void);

 

• Step 4:Destroy
  • Using function below to destroy yourdisplay:
    • voidal_destroy_display(ALLEGRO_DISPLAY*display)
  • Please destroy all things we have initialized or created beforethe program

 

• In this task, we will program our first allegro project — helloworld!!

 

• Please accomplish the task_1.c

 

• There’s lots of hint, hoping it might help

 

• Feel free to ask us if there’s any

 

• In this section, we will learn how to show some words, graphicsor even images in our

 

 

 

• draw text on thewindow:
  • Step 1: include the following headfiles:
    • #include<allegro5/allegro_font.h>#include<allegro5/allegro_ttf.h>
  • Step 2: call the following function toinitial:
    • al_init_font_addon(); // initialize the fontaddon

al_init_ttf_addon(); // initialize the ttf (True Type Font) addon

 

 

 

• draw text on thewindow:
  • Step3:
  • voidal_draw_text(constALLEGRO_FONT*font, ALLEGRO_COLORcolor,floatx,floaty,intflags, charconst*text)

 

• ALLEGRO_FONT*font:the font of text will be
• Using this toconstruct:
  • ALLEGRO_FONT*al_load_ttf_font(charconst*filename,intsize,intflags)
  • filename = the address of your own .ttffile
  • size = the size of
    • Notice: You have to construct 2 kinds of font if you want use the same .ttf file but in different
  • flags = 0 is

 

 

 

• draw text on thewindow:
  • voidal_draw_text(constALLEGRO_FONT*font, ALLEGRO_COLORcolor,floatx,floaty,intflags, charconst*text)

 

 

• ALLEGRO_COLOR color: The same as we mentioned
  • ALLEGRO_COLORal_map_rgb(unsignedcharr,unsignedcharg,unsignedcharb)
  • r, g, b are the integers belonging to [0,255]

 

 

 

• draw text on thewindow:
  • voidal_draw_text(constALLEGRO_FONT*font, ALLEGRO_COLORcolor,floatx,floaty,intflags, charconst*text)

 

 

• Float x and y: the coordiate of our
• Flags: The flags parameter can be 0 or one of the followingflags:
  • ALLEGRO_ALIGN_LEFT – Draw the text left-aligned (same as0).
  • ALLEGRO_ALIGN_CENTRE – Draw the text centered around the given
  • ALLEGRO_ALIGN_RIGHT – Draw the text right-aligned to the given
• Text: The words you want to draw on the

 

• draw graphic onwindow:
  • Step 1:#include<allegro5/allegro_primitives.h>
  • Step 2: call the following function to initialize thelibrary:
    • boolal_init_primitives_addon(void)
  • Step 3: call the function corresponding to the graphic you want todraw
    • Using rectangle as anexample:
    • voidal_draw_rectangle(floatx1,floaty1,floatx2,floaty2,ALLEGRO_COLORcolor, floatthickness)
      • x1, y1, x2, y2 – Upper left and lower right points of therectangle
      • color – Color of therectangle
      • thickness – Thickness of the lines, pass <= 0 to draw hairlinelines
    • There’s bunch of functions drawing different graphics filled or
    • Using Google to explore if you needthem!

 

 

 

• draw aimage
  • Step 1: including the following headfile:
    • #include<allegro5/allegro_image.h>

 

• Step 2: call the following function to initialize thelibrary:
  • al_init_image_addon();

 

• Step 3: declare a variable in ALLEGRO_BITMAP* type to containour image:
  • ALLEGRO_BITMAP*img=NULL;

 

• draw aimage
  • Step 4: loading the image into our variable (e.g.img):
    • ALLEGRO_BITMAP*al_load_bitmap(constchar*filename)
      • Filename: the address of your image
    • g:
      • ALLEGRO_BITMAP * img =NULL;
      • img =al_load_bitmap(“image.jpg”);
    • We can judge whether the variable img is NULL to determine whether the loadingis success.

 

• draw aimage
  • Step 5: display theimage
    • voidal_draw_bitmap(ALLEGRO_BITMAP*bitmap,floatdx,floatdy,intflags)
    • bitmap: the variable containing theimage
    • dx dy: the location of theimage
    • flags canbe:
      • ALLEGRO_FLIP_HORIZONTAL – flip the bitmap about they-axis
      • ALLEGRO_FLIP_VERTICAL – flip the bitmap about thex-axis
      • 0 – donothing

 

• Step 6: don’t forget to destroy all things you create andload
  • voidal_destroy_bitmap(ALLEGRO_BITMAP*bitmap)

 

• In this task, you are asked to draw something, including at least some words, one graphic and one
• A sample font and image has already provided for
• We also provided a sample code for you, filled with hint. You can either use it to design your own program, or coding from
• Feel free to ask us if there’s anyquestion!!!!
• You should show something likethis:

 

• In this section, we will learn how to set up a basic interactive mechanism and deal with some interaction which is calledevent in the

 

• For reach our goal, we need to initial event queue to record the event, and then process the event caught from event

 

• Now we share the method for you step by

 

• Queue

 

• Queue
  • The one that enters the queue first will also exit first (becausehe/she gets serviced first)

 

• Queue vsArray

 

• Event
  • Event is something happened during the gamerunning
  • Like keyboard input, click mouse, close display and so

 

• Event_queue
  • Event_queue is a queue containing all event, and is the only sourcewe catch any
  • Therefore, to let the code know what has happened, we must createa event queue first:
    • ALLEGRO_EVENT_QUEUE*event_queue=NULL;
    • event_queue=al_create_event_queue();

 

 

 

• Event_queue –cont.
  • To set the type of event (keyboard, mouse, display, etc)recorded:
    • voidal_register_event_source(ALLEGRO_EVENT_QUEUE*queue,ALLEGRO_EVENT_SOURCE*source)
    • g.al_register_event_source(event_queue,al_get_display_event_source(display));

 

• Then we can get event from
  • More specific, the event we get from it must belongs to one of the source wehave already
  • If you can not get the event you expect (e.g. keyboard input), please checkwhether you register your keyboard as one of your event source before smashing your keyboard or your

 

 

 

• Getevent.
  • To know whether there is any event inevent_queue:
    • boolal_is_event_queue_empty(ALLEGRO_EVENT_QUEUE*)
    • It will return a boolvalue:
      • 1 (true) means the queue isempty;
      • 0 (false) means there’s some event in the
    • To get the event out of thequeue:
      • ALLEGRO_EVENTevent;(declare a variable to record theevent)
      • voidal_wait_for_event(ALLEGRO_EVENT_QUEUE*queue,ALLEGRO_EVENT*event); The program will be blocked here until the data of the earliest event have been duplicated into the allegro event we

 

 

 

• Eventtype
  • How can we know what the event is (keyboard pressed, mouse.)
  • Usetype
  • g.event.type==ALLEGRO_EVENT_DISPLAY_CLOSE
    • The function is used to find whether the display is closed just

 

 

 

• Have you ever noticed that in the 2 tasks before, the window can not be closed in normal way (click the cross symbol at thecorner)?
• In this task, we will make it possible!!!

 

 

 

• In this section, we will learn how to use keyboard and mouseas input source to interact with our

 

 

 

• Step 1: declare and create the event_queue and event as

 

• Step 2: call boolal_init_primitives_addon(void)first then

boolal_install_keyboard(void)to initial the keyboard

 

 

• Step 3: register keyboard as event source to the eventqueue
  • Using                                                          ALLEGRO_EVENT_SOURCE*al_get_keyboard_event_source(void)toget the event source of keyboard
  • Using                                          voidal_register_event_source(ALLEGRO_EVENT_QUEUE*queue,ALLEGRO_EVENT_SOURCE*source)to register the source to event

 

 

 

• Step 4: To find if there’s some key being pressed or bouncingup:
  • Compare the event.type with keyboard
  • There are 2 event types for thekeyboard:
    • ALLEGRO_EVENT_KEY_DOWN – indicating some keys being
    • ALLEGRO_EVENT_KEY_UP – indicating some keys bouncing up just
    • Using event.type to judge the type of
  • Step 4: get the specifickey:
    • keycode to each button of keyboard:https://allegro.cc/manual/5/keyboard.html (e.g. A = ALLEGRO_KEY_A)
    • keyboard.keycodecapsules                   the   keycode   of   the   key   causing   the event.
    • Comparing it with the keycode you design to get the

 

 

 

• Using up, down, left, right button to control the box move inthe same

 

• The box should move to the direction whenever the corresponding button is pressed, and stop whenever the corresponding button is

 

• Press ESC to terminate theprogram

 

 

 

• In this section, we will learn how to use mouse as input sourceto interact with our

 

 

 

• Register the source of mouse to theevent_queue
  • Using               ALLEGRO_EVENT_SOURCE*al_get_mouse_event_source()toget               the source of mouse.
• Callboolal_init_primitives_addon(void)first then bool al_install_mouse(void)to initial the
• To find whether the mouse is clicked justnow
  • Compare the event.type withALLEGRO_EVENT_MOUSE_BUTTON_DOWN
  • mouse.button capsules the information of the pressedbutton
    • 1 for left button. 2 for right one, and so on soforth
  • To find whether the mouse ismoving:
    • Compare the event.type withALLEGRO_EVENT_MOUSE_AXES
    • Using event.mouse.x and event.mouse.y to get the position of

 

 

 

• Using mouse to determinate the location of the

 

• The box should be the same place as the cursor wheneverthe cursor is in the

 

• Press left button to make the box disappear and press it again to make it

 

• Press right button to terminate theprogram

 

1.语言及环境:用C语言的Allegro 5套件写一个类似雷电的2D射击小游戏(大一课设水平),

须使用提供的template(后面有关于template的说明

2.内容:

(1)游戏主选单:

Start

About

Exit

(2)游戏主体:

外观:战机,血条(蓝条),子弹…

游戏性:射击子弹,移动,击中扣血等…

(3)游戏结束画面:

Win

Game Over

Restart

End

4.以下几样选5样做就行:

(1)开头+人物动画(可截取多张图片连续display

(2)厉害的AI(比如子弹追踪等…

(3)道具

(4)商店系统

(5)存档,读档

(6)背景音乐

-and so on

 

对于Template中所提供code中各func的解释:

game_init():初始化所有控制器

game_begin():初始游戏介面

game_run():游戏主体(while循环内,会持续刷新接收queue指令)

game_destroy():对queue,display等的摧毁,防占用内存

process_event():控制各式event(键盘 鼠标)

show_err_msg(int msg):方便debug

范例：

#include <stdio.h>
#include <allegro5/allegro.h>
#include <allegro5/allegro_primitives.h>
#include <allegro5/allegro_image.h>
#include <allegro5/allegro_audio.h>
#include <allegro5/allegro_acodec.h>
#include <allegro5/allegro_font.h>
#include <allegro5/allegro_ttf.h>

#define GAME_TERMINATE -1

// ALLEGRO Variables
ALLEGRO_DISPLAY* display = NULL;
ALLEGRO_EVENT_QUEUE *event_queue = NULL;
ALLEGRO_BITMAP *image = NULL;
ALLEGRO_BITMAP *image2 = NULL;
ALLEGRO_BITMAP *image3 = NULL;
ALLEGRO_BITMAP *background = NULL;
ALLEGRO_KEYBOARD_STATE keyState ;
ALLEGRO_TIMER *timer = NULL;
ALLEGRO_TIMER *timer2 = NULL;
ALLEGRO_TIMER *timer3 = NULL;
ALLEGRO_SAMPLE *song=NULL;
ALLEGRO_FONT *font = NULL;

//Custom Definition
const char *title = "Final Project 10xxxxxxx";
const float FPS = 60;
const int WIDTH = 400;
const int HEIGHT = 600;
typedef struct character
{
int x;
int y;
ALLEGRO_BITMAP *image_path;

}Character;

Character character1;
Character character2;
Character character3;

int imageWidth = 0;
int imageHeight = 0;
int draw = 0;
int done = 0;
int window = 1;
bool judge_next_window = false;
bool ture = true; //true: appear, false: disappear
bool next = false; //true: trigger
bool dir = true; //true: left, false: right

void show_err_msg(int msg);
void game_init();
void game_begin();
int process_event();
int game_run();
void game_destroy();

int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
int msg = 0;

game_init();
game_begin();

while (msg != GAME_TERMINATE) {
msg = game_run();
if (msg == GAME_TERMINATE)
printf("Game Over\n");
}

game_destroy();
return 0;
}

void show_err_msg(int msg) {
fprintf(stderr, "unexpected msg: %d\n", msg);
game_destroy();
exit(9);
}

void game_init() {
if (!al_init()) {
show_err_msg(-1);
}
if(!al_install_audio()){
fprintf(stderr, "failed to initialize audio!\n");
show_err_msg(-2);
}
if(!al_init_acodec_addon()){
fprintf(stderr, "failed to initialize audio codecs!\n");
show_err_msg(-3);
}
if (!al_reserve_samples(1)){
fprintf(stderr, "failed to reserve samples!\n");
show_err_msg(-4);
}
// Create display
display = al_create_display(WIDTH, HEIGHT);
event_queue = al_create_event_queue();
if (display == NULL || event_queue == NULL) {
show_err_msg(-5);
}
// Initialize Allegro settings
al_set_window_position(display, 0, 0);
al_set_window_title(display, title);
al_init_primitives_addon();
al_install_keyboard();
al_install_audio();
al_init_image_addon();
al_init_acodec_addon();
al_init_font_addon();
al_init_ttf_addon();

// Register event
al_register_event_source(event_queue, al_get_display_event_source(display));
al_register_event_source(event_queue, al_get_keyboard_event_source());
}

void game_begin() {
// Load sound
song = al_load_sample( "hello.wav" );
if (!song){
printf( "Audio clip sample not loaded!\n" );
show_err_msg(-6);
}
// Loop the song until the display closes
al_play_sample(song, 1.0, 0.0,1.0,ALLEGRO_PLAYMODE_LOOP,NULL);
al_clear_to_color(al_map_rgb(100,100,100));
// Load and draw text
font = al_load_ttf_font("pirulen.ttf",12,0);
al_draw_text(font, al_map_rgb(255,255,255), WIDTH/2, HEIGHT/2+220 , ALLEGRO_ALIGN_CENTRE, "Press 'Enter' to start");
al_draw_rectangle(WIDTH/2-150, 510, WIDTH/2+150, 550, al_map_rgb(255, 255, 255), 0);
al_flip_display();
}

int process_event(){
// Request the event
ALLEGRO_EVENT event;
al_wait_for_event(event_queue, &event);

// Our setting for controlling animation
if(event.timer.source == timer){
if(character2.x < -150) dir = false;
else if(character2.x > WIDTH+50) dir = true;

if(dir) character2.x -= 10;
else character2.x += 10;
}
if(event.timer.source == timer2){
ture = false;
next = true;
}
if(event.timer.source == timer3){
if(next) next = false;
else ture = true;
}

// Keyboard
if(event.type == ALLEGRO_EVENT_KEY_UP)
{
switch(event.keyboard.keycode)
{
// Control
case ALLEGRO_KEY_W:
character1.y -= 30;
break;
case ALLEGRO_KEY_S:
character1.y += 30;
break;
case ALLEGRO_KEY_A:
character1.x -= 30;
break;
case ALLEGRO_KEY_D:
character1.x += 30;
break;

// For Start Menu
case ALLEGRO_KEY_ENTER:
judge_next_window = true;
break;
}
}

// Shutdown our program
else if(event.type == ALLEGRO_EVENT_DISPLAY_CLOSE)
return GAME_TERMINATE;

return 0;
}

int game_run() {
int error = 0;
// First window(Menu)
if(window == 1){
if (!al_is_event_queue_empty(event_queue)) {
error = process_event();
if(judge_next_window) {
window = 2;
// Setting Character
character1.x = WIDTH / 2;
character1.y = HEIGHT / 2 + 150;
character2.x = WIDTH + 100;
character2.y = HEIGHT / 2 - 280;
character1.image_path = al_load_bitmap("tower.png");
character2.image_path = al_load_bitmap("teemo_left.png");
character3.image_path = al_load_bitmap("teemo_right.png");
background = al_load_bitmap("stage.jpg");

//Initialize Timer
timer = al_create_timer(1.0/15.0);
timer2 = al_create_timer(1.0);
timer3 = al_create_timer(1.0/10.0);
al_register_event_source(event_queue, al_get_timer_event_source(timer)) ;
al_register_event_source(event_queue, al_get_timer_event_source(timer2)) ;
al_register_event_source(event_queue, al_get_timer_event_source(timer3)) ;
al_start_timer(timer);
al_start_timer(timer2);
al_start_timer(timer3);
}
}
}
// Second window(Main Game)
else if(window == 2){
// Change Image for animation
al_draw_bitmap(background, 0,0, 0);
if(ture) al_draw_bitmap(character1.image_path, character1.x, character1.y, 0);

if(dir) al_draw_bitmap(character2.image_path, character2.x, character2.y, 0);
else al_draw_bitmap(character3.image_path, character2.x, character2.y, 0);

al_flip_display();
al_clear_to_color(al_map_rgb(0,0,0));

// Listening for new event
if (!al_is_event_queue_empty(event_queue)) {
error = process_event();
}
}
return error;
}

void game_destroy() {
// Make sure you destroy all things
al_destroy_event_queue(event_queue);
al_destroy_display(display);
al_destroy_timer(timer);
al_destroy_timer(timer2);
al_destroy_bitmap(image);
al_destroy_sample(song);
}